Measuring currents, ice drift, and waves from space: the Sea Surface KInematics Multiscale monitoring (SKIM) concept

We propose a new satellite mission that uses a near-nadir Ka-band Doppler radar to measure surface currents, ice drift and ocean waves at spatial scales of 40?km and more, with snapshots at least every day for latitudes 75 to 82, and every few days otherwise. The use of incidence angles at 6 and 12 degrees allows a measurement of the directional wave spectrum which yields accurate corrections of the wave-induced bias in the current measurements. The instrument principle, algorithm for current velocity and mission performance are presented here. The proposed instrument can reveal features on tropical ocean and marginal ice zone dynamics that are inaccessible to other measurement systems, as well as a global monitoring of the ocean mesoscale that surpasses the capability of today?s nadir altimeters. Measuring ocean wave properties facilitates many applications, from wave-current interactions and air-sea fluxes to the transport and convergence of marine plastic debris and assessment of marine and coastal hazards

SKIM, a candidate satellite mission exploring global ocean currents and waves

The Sea surface KInematics Multiscale monitoring (SKIM) satellite mission is designed to explore ocean surface current and waves. This includes tropical currents, notably the poorly known patterns of divergence and their impact on the ocean heat budget, and monitoring of the emerging Arctic up to 82.5°N. SKIM will also make unprecedented direct measurements of strong currents, from boundary currents to the Antarctic circumpolar current, and their interaction with ocean waves with expected impacts on air-sea fluxes and extreme waves. For the first time, SKIM will directly measure the ocean surface current vector from space. The main instrument on SKIM is a Ka-band conically scanning, multi-beam Doppler radar altimeter/wave scatterometer that includes a state-of-the-art nadir beam comparable to the Poseidon-4 instrument on Sentinel 6. The well proven Doppler pulse-pair technique will give a surface drift velocity representative of the top meter of the ocean, after subtracting a large wave-induced contribution. Horizontal velocity components will be obtained with an accuracy better than 7 cm/s for horizontal wavelengths larger than 80 km and time resolutions larger than 15 days, with a mean revisit time of 4 days for of 99% of the global oceans. This will provide unique and innovative measurements that will further our understanding of the transports in the upper ocean layer, permanently distributing heat, carbon, plankton, and plastics. SKIM will also benefit from co-located measurements of water vapor, rain rate, sea ice concentration, and wind vectors provided by the European operational satellite MetOp-SG(B), allowing many joint analyses. SKIM is one of the two candidate satellite missions under development for ESA Earth Explorer 9. The other candidate is the Far infrared Radiation Understanding and Monitoring (FORUM). The final selection will be announced by September 2019, for a launch in the coming decade

Altimetry for the future: Building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the ‘‘Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

Altimetry for the future: building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the “Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

Couplage des observations spatiales dynamiques et biologiques pour la restitution des circulations océaniques : une approche conjointe par assimilation de données altimétriques et de traceurs

High resolution sensors of tracers such as the Sea Surface Temperature or the Ocean Color reveal small structures at the submesoscale, which are not seen by altimetry. Therefore, this thesis explores the feasibility of using tracer information at the submesoscales to complement the control of ocean dynamic fields that emerge from altimeter data analysis at larger scales. To do so, an image data assimilation strategy (i.e. inversion of images) is developed in which a cost-function is built that minimizes the misfits between image of submesoscale flow structure and tracer images. In the present work, we have chosen as an image of submesoscale flow structure the Finite-Size Lyapunov Exponents (FSLE). This method has been successfully tested on several areas using tracer and altimetric observations from space A high resolution physico-biogeochemical coupled model of process and a high resolution realistic model of the Solomon sea have been used to assess the error associated with the inversion and the efficiency of the correction on the oceanic circulation. These results show the benefits of the joint use of tracer image and altimetric data for the control of ocean circulations.Depuis quelques années, les observations spatiales des traceurs, comme la température de surface de l'océan (SST) ou la couleur de l'océan, ont révélé la présence de filaments à sous-mésoéchelle, qui ne peuvent être détectées par les satellites altimétriques. Ce travail de thèse explore la possibilité d'utiliser les informations dynamiques contenues dans les images traceur haute résolution pour compléter l'estimation de la dynamique océanique de surface effectuée par les satellites altimétriques. Pour ce faire, la méthode d'inversion développée est inspirée de l'assimilation de données images. A l'aide d'une fonction coût, on mesure la distance entre une image du flot dynamique et l'image des structures présentes sur le traceur. On a choisi pour cette étude d'utiliser le FSLE (Finite-Size Lyapunov Exponents) comme proxy image de la dynamique. Cette méthode est testée avec succès sur plusieurs cas test d'observations spatiales. Un modèle de processus couplé physique-biogéochimie ainsi qu'un modèle réaliste de la mer des Salomon sont utilisés pour estimer l'erreur associée à la méthode d'inversion et la pertinence de la correction effectuée. L'utilisation conjointe d'images traceurs et de données altimétriques présente un fort intérêt pour le contrôle de la circulation océanique

Coupling of dynamical and biological space observations for the control of ocean circulations : a joint approach through assimilation of altimeter and chlorophyll data

Depuis quelques années, les observations spatiales des traceurs, comme la température de surface de l'océan (SST) ou la couleur de l'océan, ont révélé la présence de filaments à sous-mésoéchelle, qui ne peuvent être détectées par les satellites altimétriques. Ce travail de thèse explore la possibilité d'utiliser les informations dynamiques contenues dans les images traceur haute résolution pour compléter l'estimation de la dynamique océanique de surface effectuée par les satellites altimétriques. Pour ce faire, la méthode d'inversion développée est inspirée de l'assimilation de données images. A l'aide d'une fonction coût, on mesure la distance entre une image du flot dynamique et l'image des structures présentes sur le traceur. On a choisi pour cette étude d'utiliser le FSLE (Finite-Size Lyapunov Exponents) comme proxy image de la dynamique. Cette méthode est testée avec succès sur plusieurs cas test d'observations spatiales. Un modèle de processus couplé physique-biogéochimie ainsi qu'un modèle réaliste de la mer des Salomon sont utilisés pour estimer l'erreur associée à la méthode d'inversion et la pertinence de la correction effectuée. L'utilisation conjointe d'images traceurs et de données altimétriques présente un fort intérêt pour le contrôle de la circulation océanique.High resolution sensors of tracers such as the Sea Surface Temperature or the Ocean Color reveal small structures at the submesoscale, which are not seen by altimetry. Therefore, this thesis explores the feasibility of using tracer information at the submesoscales to complement the control of ocean dynamic fields that emerge from altimeter data analysis at larger scales. To do so, an image data assimilation strategy (i.e. inversion of images) is developed in which a cost-function is built that minimizes the misfits between image of submesoscale flow structure and tracer images. In the present work, we have chosen as an image of submesoscale flow structure the Finite-Size Lyapunov Exponents (FSLE). This method has been successfully tested on several areas using tracer and altimetric observations from space A high resolution physico-biogeochemical coupled model of process and a high resolution realistic model of the Solomon sea have been used to assess the error associated with the inversion and the efficiency of the correction on the oceanic circulation. These results show the benefits of the joint use of tracer image and altimetric data for the control of ocean circulations

Couplage des observations spatiales dynamiques et biologiques pour la restitution des circulations océaniques : une approche conjointe par assimilation de données altimétriques et de traceurs

High resolution sensors of tracers such as the Sea Surface Temperature or the Ocean Color reveal small structures at the submesoscale, which are not seen by altimetry. Therefore, this thesis explores the feasibility of using tracer information at the submesoscales to complement the control of ocean dynamic fields that emerge from altimeter data analysis at larger scales. To do so, an image data assimilation strategy (i.e. inversion of images) is developed in which a cost-function is built that minimizes the misfits between image of submesoscale flow structure and tracer images. In the present work, we have chosen as an image of submesoscale flow structure the Finite-Size Lyapunov Exponents (FSLE). This method has been successfully tested on several areas using tracer and altimetric observations from space A high resolution physico-biogeochemical coupled model of process and a high resolution realistic model of the Solomon sea have been used to assess the error associated with the inversion and the efficiency of the correction on the oceanic circulation. These results show the benefits of the joint use of tracer image and altimetric data for the control of ocean circulations.Depuis quelques années, les observations spatiales des traceurs, comme la température de surface de l'océan (SST) ou la couleur de l'océan, ont révélé la présence de filaments à sous-mésoéchelle, qui ne peuvent être détectées par les satellites altimétriques. Ce travail de thèse explore la possibilité d'utiliser les informations dynamiques contenues dans les images traceur haute résolution pour compléter l'estimation de la dynamique océanique de surface effectuée par les satellites altimétriques. Pour ce faire, la méthode d'inversion développée est inspirée de l'assimilation de données images. A l'aide d'une fonction coût, on mesure la distance entre une image du flot dynamique et l'image des structures présentes sur le traceur. On a choisi pour cette étude d'utiliser le FSLE (Finite-Size Lyapunov Exponents) comme proxy image de la dynamique. Cette méthode est testée avec succès sur plusieurs cas test d'observations spatiales. Un modèle de processus couplé physique-biogéochimie ainsi qu'un modèle réaliste de la mer des Salomon sont utilisés pour estimer l'erreur associée à la méthode d'inversion et la pertinence de la correction effectuée. L'utilisation conjointe d'images traceurs et de données altimétriques présente un fort intérêt pour le contrôle de la circulation océanique

Analysis of Sea Surface Temperature Variability Using Machine Learning

Sea surface temperature (SST) is a critical factor in the global climate system and plays a key role in many marine processes. Understanding the variability of SST is therefore important for a range of applications, including weather and climate prediction, ocean circulation modeling, and marine resource management. In this study, we use machine learning techniques to analyze SST anomaly (SSTA) data from the Mediterranean Sea over a period of 33 years. The objective is to best explain the temporal variability of the SSTA extremes. These extremes are revealed to be well explained through a non-linear interaction between multi-scale processes. The results contribute to better unveil factors influencing SSTA extremes, and the development of more accurate prediction models

Extending the extended dynamic mode decomposition with latent observables: the latent EDMD framework

Bernard O Koopman proposed an alternative view of dynamical systems based on linear operator theory, in which the time evolution of a dynamical system is analogous to the linear propagation of an infinite-dimensional vector of observables. In the last few years, several works have shown that finite-dimensional approximations of this operator can be extremely useful for several applications, such as prediction, control, and data assimilation. In particular, a Koopman representation of a dynamical system with a finite number of dimensions will avoid all the problems caused by nonlinearity in classical state-space models. In this work, the identification of finite-dimensional approximations of the Koopman operator and its associated observables is expressed through the inversion of an unknown augmented linear dynamical system. The proposed framework can be regarded as an extended dynamical mode decomposition that uses a collection of latent observables. The use of a latent dictionary applies to a large class of dynamical regimes, and it provides new means for deriving appropriate finite-dimensional linear approximations to high-dimensional nonlinear systems